Correlation between Anxiety and Smartphone Addiction in the Teenager Population at Kalam Kudus II Senior High School
D. Stefanus Gardino Setyo *
Faculty of Medicine, Tarumanagara University, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Yohanes Firmansyah
Faculty of Medicine, Tarumanagara University, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Sukmawati Tansil Tan
Department of Dermato-Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Tarumanagara University, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Alexander Halim Santoso
Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Tarumanagara University, Jakarta, Indonesia.
. Ernawati
Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tarumanagara University, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Noer Saelan Tadjudin
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Tarumanagara University, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Susy Olivia Lontoh
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tarumanagara University, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Sari Mariyati Dewi Nataprawira
Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Tarumanagara University, Jakarta, Indonesia.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Aims: To find out whether there is a correlation between anxiety and smartphone addiction in the teenager population at kalam kudus II senior high school.
Study Design: This research was a cross sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: Kalam Kudus II Senior High School Jakarta on December 15 2022 .
Methodology: This research was a cross sectional study, the target population in this study were all high school students. The reachable population in this study were all students at Kalam Kudus II Senior High School Jakarta. The sample of this study is part of the reachable population that meets the inclusion criteria.The minimum sample size required is 97 respondents (type I error of 5% with a research power of 95%).
Results: This study included 178 respondents who met the inclusion criteria. Based on the results of the Spearman Correlation Test, it was found that there was a positive correlation of 0.274 (Weak) and statistically significant (p-value <0.001). This means that the higher the anxiety and the higher the anxiety level will encourage an increase in the value of the Smartphone Addiction Scale.
Further analysis using post-hoc Bonferoni showed that there was a significant Smartphone Addiction Scale value between the moderate anxiety vs. mild anxiety (p-value : 0.035) and moderate anxiety vs. normal/minimal anxiety (p-value : 0.005)
Conclusion: A higher level of anxiety will cause the Smartphone Addiction Scale's value to rise, which is means that the more a person is addicted to a smartphone, the higher the level of anxiety that person feels.
Keywords: Addiction, anxiety, teenager, smartphone
How to Cite
References
Krishna N, Doshi D, Kulkarni S, Reddy MP, Srilatha A, Satyanarayana D. Does smartphone addiction affect social interaction: a study among dental students in Hyderabad. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2021;33. Available: https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2018-0291
Shen X, Wang H-Z, Rost DH, Gaskin J, Wang J-L. State anxiety moderates the association between motivations and excessive smartphone use. Curr Psychol. 2021;40:1937–45. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-0127-5
Dhamayanti M, Dwiwina R, Adawiyah R. Influence of Adolescents’ Smartphone Addiction on Mental and Emotional Development in West Java, Indonesia. Maj Kedokt Bandung. 2019;51:46–52. Available: https://doi.org/10.15395/mkb.v51n1.1577
Kheradmand A, Amirlatifi E. Smartphone Addiction and Its Associated Factors Among Tehran University Students. BJPsych Open 2022;8:S40–S40. Available:https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2022.165
Ayandele O, Popoola OA, Oladiji TO. Addictive use of smartphone, depression and anxiety among female undergraduates in Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. J Heal Res. 2020;34:443–53. Available: https://doi.org/10.1108/JHR-10-2019-0225
Löwe B, Decker O, Müller S, Brähler E, Schellberg D, Herzog W, et al. Validation and Standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the General Population. Med Care. 2008;46:266–74. Available:https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e318160d093
Zhong Q-Y, Gelaye B, Zaslavsky AM, Fann JR, Rondon MB, Sánchez SE, et al. Diagnostic Validity of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder - 7 (GAD-7) among Pregnant Women. PLoS One. 2015;10: e0125096. Available:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125096
Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, Löwe B. A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1092. Available:https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
Kwon M, Lee J-Y, Won W-Y, Park J-W, Min J-A, Hahn C, et al. Development and Validation of a Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS). PLoS One. 2013;8:e56936. Available: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056936
Kwon M, Kim D-J, Cho H, Yang S. The Smartphone Addiction Scale: Development and Validation of a Short Version for Adolescents. PLoS One. 2013;8:e83558. Available:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083558
Korniienko IO, Barchi B V. The Relationship between Problematic Use of Smartphones and Social Anxiety. J Intellect Disabil - Diagnosis Treat. 2020;8:133–41. Available: https://doi.org/10.6000/2292-2598.2020.08.02.7.
Annoni AM, Petrocchi S, Camerini A-L, Marciano L. The Relationship between Social Anxiety, Smartphone Use, Dispositional Trust, and Problematic Smartphone Use: A Moderated Mediation Model. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:2452. Available:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052452
Richardson M, Hussain Z, Griffiths MD. Problematic smartphone use, nature connectedness, and anxiety. J Behav Addict 2018;7:109–16. Available:https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.10
Choksi ST. A Study to Find Out the Correlation of Mobile Phone Addiction with Anxiety, Depression, Stress and Sleep Quality in the College Students of Surat City. Int J Curr Res Rev. 2021;13: 137–42. Available:https://doi.org/10.31782/IJCRR.2021.13812
Cho YG. Excessive and Problematic Smartphone Use and Poor Mental Health in Adolescents. Korean J Fam Med. 2020;41:73–4. Available: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.41.2E
Selçuk KT, Ayhan D. The relationship between smartphone addiction risk and sleep duration and psychosocial comorbidities in health professional candidates. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2019:ppc.12465. Available:https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12465
Geng Y, Gu J, Wang J, Zhang R. Smartphone addiction and depression, anxiety: The role of bedtime procrastination and self-control. J Affect Disord. 2021;293:415–21. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.062
Yang J, Fu X, Liao X, Li Y. Association of problematic smartphone use with poor sleep quality, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2020;284: 112686. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112686
Pera A. The Psychology of Addictive Smartphone Behavior in Young Adults: Problematic Use, Social Anxiety, and Depressive Stress. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11. Available:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.573473
Kim Y-J, Jang H, Lee Y, Lee D, Kim D-J. Effects of Internet and Smartphone Addictions on Depression and Anxiety Based on Propensity Score Matching Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15:859. Available:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050859
Okasha T, Saad A, Ibrahim I, Elhabiby M, Khalil S, Morsy M. Prevalence of smartphone addiction and its correlates in a sample of Egyptian university students. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2022;68: 1580–8. Available:https://doi.org/10.1177/00207640211042917
Al Battashi N, Al Omari O, Sawalha M, Al Maktoumi S, Alsuleitini A, Al Qadire M. The Relationship Between Smartphone Use, Insomnia, Stress, and Anxiety Among University Students: A Cross- Sectional Study. Clin Nurs Res. 2021;30: 734–40. Available:https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773820983161
Elhai JD, Tiamiyu M, Weeks J. Depression and social anxiety in relation to problematic smartphone use. Internet Res. 2018;28:315–32. Available: https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-01-2017-0019
Solon Júnior LJF, Tomaz Ribeiro CH, Sousa Fortes L de, Teixeira Barbosa B, Silva Neto LV da. Smartphone addiction is associated with symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, tension, confusion, and insomnia: A cross- sectional and comparative study with physically and non-physically active adults in self-isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Salud Ment. 2021;44: 193–200. Available:https://doi.org/10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2021.025
Vahedi Z, Saiphoo A. The association between smartphone use, stress, and anxiety: A meta-analytic review. Stress Heal. 2018;34:347–58. Available: https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2805
Thatkar P, Tonde J, Dase R, Pawar D, Chidambaram R. Assessment of Correlation between Smartphone Addiction, Social Anxiety, and Self-Esteem: A Cross-Sectional Study. MGM J Med. Sci 2021;8:22. Available:https://doi.org/10.4103/mgmj.mgmj_81_20