Assessment of Preschool Children’s throwing Ability by throwing Distance and Velocity
Advances in Research,
Page 38-44
DOI:
10.9734/air/2022/v23i330335
Abstract
A remarkable decrease in children’s throwing ability has recently been reported. Until now, although throwing ability of children has been mainly assessed by distance, velocity has also become easily instrumentally measurable. However, the relationship between the throwing distance and velocity remains unclear. This study examined the age and gender differences in throwing distance and velocity, and their relationship in preschool children. Participants were 270 children (boys: 134, girls: 136), 3–6 year olds. Both the measured values had high reliability (ICC = throwing distance: boys, 0.73, girls, 0.70; throwing velocity: boys, 0.83, girls, 0.78) and were greater in boys than in girls, in 6-year-olds than in 5-year-olds, and in 5-year-olds than in 3- and 4-year-olds. Partial correlation coefficient eliminating age effect was significant (boys: 0.65, girls: 0.53). Correlation at each age was significant and high at 5 and 6 years old (r = 0.70~0.76), but insignificant only in 3-year-old girls. In conclusion, throwing velocity has high reliability, similar to throwing distance, and reflects gender- and age-related differences in preschool children. Although throwing velocity is related to throwing distance, their relationship differs according to children’s gender and age.
Keywords:
- Children
- throwing ability
- throwing distance
- throwing velocity
How to Cite
References
Miyaguchi K, Demura S. A study of physique and fundamental motor abilities of preschool children in Ishikawa prefecture：comparison of their numerical values between 1985 and 2013. Japan Journal of Human Growth and Development Research. 2016;73:20-28.
Sugihara T, Kondo M, Mori S, Yoshida I. Chronological Change in Preschool Children's Motor Ability Development in Japan from the 1960s to 2000s. International Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2006;4:49-56.
Sasakawa Sports Foundation. The 2021 SSF National Sports-Life Survey of Children and Young People. Accessed 28 May 2022.
Available:https://www.ssf.or.jp/en/files/sld2021_eng_s.pdf
Kasuyama T, Mutou I, Sasamoto H. Development of Overarm Throwing Technique Reflects Throwing Ability during Childhood. Physical Therapy Research. 2016;19(1): 24–31.
Nelson JK, Thomas JR, Nelson KR, Abraham PC. Gender Differences in Children's Throwing Performance: Biology and Environment. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 1986; 57(4):280-287.
Demura, S. Contribution of Physical Fitness and Throw Form to Ball-Throw Distance and the Sex Difference in Preschool Children. Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences. 1993;37:339-350.
Miyanishi T, Fujii N, Ae M, Kunugi Y, Okada M. A three-dimensional comparative study of the motions between speed throw and distance throw in the university baseball players. Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences. 1995;40:89-103.
Ogata M, Sekioka Y. Effects of Changing Angle of Release in Throwing for Distance on Velocity and Height of Release and Throwing Motion. Japanese Journal of Sport Education Studies. 1994;14(1):49-59.
Kano H, Kuga A, Tamakoshi K, Maruyama S. Developmental characteristics of orientation and differentiation abilities in early childhood：focusing on the throwing and jumping motion. Japan Journal of Human Growth and Development Research. 2016;70:36-47.
Ayan C, Varela S, Sanchez-Lastra MA, De Quel O. Reliability and validity of the basic motor ability test in preschool children. Journal of Physical Education & Sport. 2019;19:987-991.
Tanaka M, Uchida M, Shindo M, Tanaka H, Yasuda H, Kitabayashi K. Relationship between handball throwing distance and arm extension power determined by bench pressing ability on the handball player. The Japanese journal of sport methodology. 2004;17(1):99-107.
Yamada K, Urata T, Aoki K. Estimation of the ball-speed from throwing-distance. Japanese journal of handball. 2012;14: 124-128.
Kim S, Matsuura Y. A study on quantitative change and qualitative change of fundamental movement skills in children. Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences. 1988;33(1): 27-38.
Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33:159-174.
Yashiro K. Gender-related differences in development and physical fitness in preschoolers. The Sapporo University journal. 2015; 40, 97-108.
Ikeda T, Aoyagi O. Meta-analytic Study of Gender Differences in Motor Performance and Their Annual Changes among Japanese Preschool-aged Children. School Health. 2008;4:24-39.
-
Abstract View: 67 times
PDF Download: 11 times
