Electronic Government Procurement Adoption in Ghana: Critical Success Factors
Advances in Research,
Page 18-34
DOI:
10.9734/air/2020/v21i330191
Abstract
Aims: The study investigated the critical success factors for adopting an e-procurement in public sector procurement activities in Ghana.
Study Design: The study used descriptive survey design.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out among some selected public sector organisations in Ghana from October 2019-January 2020.
Methodology: A total sample size of 215 procurement staff from public entities including: Department of Feeder Roads, Ghana Cocoa Board, Ghana Health Service, Koforidua Technical University and Tema Metropolitan Assembly. The data collection instruments were interview guide and questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used as the analytical tools. Specifically, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used.
Results: The study found that users and stakeholders of the e-procurement perceive the availability of reliable, affordable and fast Internet services as the most critical success factor for the adoption of e-Procurement technologies. Furthermore, the study discovered that the critical success factors (CSFs) for e-procurement adoption can be categorized into organisational support for infrastructure set-up, system features, Monitoring and control and supportive human factors.
Conclusion: For e-Procurement technologies to adequately permeate the fabrics of the Ghanaian public procurement system, the government and stakeholders should put in place mechanisms that can help measure the metrics of physical ICT infrastructure provision; attract adequate internet infrastructure into the country and provide the necessary ICT infrastructure and leadership role in using e-Procurement technologies in their public procurement process.
Keywords:
- E-procurement
- technology adoption
- critical success factors.
How to Cite
Ofori, D., & Fuseini, O. I. (2020). Electronic Government Procurement Adoption in Ghana: Critical Success Factors. Advances in Research, 21(3), 18-34. https://doi.org/10.9734/air/2020/v21i330191
References
Farzin S, Nezhad H. E-procurement, the golden key to optimizing the supply chains system. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Science Index. 2010; 4(6):449–456.
Lund-Thomsen P, Costa N. Sustainable Procurement in the United Nations. Greenleaf Publishing: United Kingdom. 2011;55-71.
Hastings K, Howieson J, Lawley M. Creating value chains: The role of relationship development. British Food Journal. 2016;118(6):1384–1406.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-10-2015-0389
Hardy CA, Williams SP. E-government policy and practice: A theoretical and empirical exploration of public e-procurement. Government Information Quarterly. 2008;25(2):155-180.
DOI: 10.1016/j.giq.2007.02.003
Mawenya AS. Preventing corruption in African procurement. Occasional paper, Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA); 2008.
Ochrana F, Pavel J. Analysis of the impact of transparency, corruption, openness in competition and tender procedures on public procurement in the Czech Republic. Central European Journal of Public Policy. 2013;7(2):114-135.
Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS) Report. Ghana Statistical Service; 2019.
Ofori D, Appiah-Nimo C. Determinants of online shopping among tertiary students in Ghana: An extended technology acceptance model, Cogent Business & Management; 2019, 6:1.
DOI: 10.1080/23311975.2019.1644715
Panda P, Sahu G, Gupta P. Promoting transparency and efficiency in public procurement: E-procurement initiatives by Government of India. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on E-procurement (ICEG). IIM Banglore, India; 2010.
Valadares T. E-procurement in Europe, 2nd European conference on e-Public procurement (4th ed.). Lisbon; 2014.
Public Procurement Authority (PPA). Annual Report. Government of Ghana: Accra; 2014
Shakya RK. Procurement governance framework: Success to E-government procurement (E-GP) system implementation. In 5th International Public Procurement Conference (IPPC5), Seattle, United States. 2012;17-19.
Suvil C. The 11th International Conference on Electronic Business, Performance Measurement of Government E-Procurement with Internal Stakeholder Focus. Bangkok; 2014.
Adebayo VO, Evans RD. Adoption of E-procurement systems in developing countries: A Nigerian public sector perspective. The proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Knowledge-Based Engineering and Innovation Tehran, Iran; 2015.
Lee Y, Kozar KA, Larsen KRT. The technology acceptance model; past, present and future. Communication of AIS. 2003;12(50):752-780.
Boateng R. The challenge of taking baby steps in E-governance in West Africa. In: Proceedings of the UGBS Conference on Business and Development. Accra, Ghana: University of Ghana Business School; 2013.
LaiPC. Design and Security impact on consumers’ intention to use single platform E-payment. Interdisciplinary Information Sciences. 2016;22(1):111-122.
LaiPC, Zainal AA. Perceived risk as an extension to TAM model: Consumers’ intention to use A single platform E-payment. Australia Journal Basic and Applied Science. 2015;9(2):323-330.
Venkatesh V, Davis FD. A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies. Management Science. 2000;46(2):186-204.
Clayton M. Christian. The Innovator’s Dilemma. Unite States: Harvard Business Review Press; 1997
Christensen CM. The ongoing process of building a theory of disruption. Journal of Product and Innovation Management. 2006;4(23):39- 55.
Markides C. Disruptive innovation; In need of better theory. The Journal of Product Innovation Management. 2006;23:19-25.
Tavares LV. Public e-tendering in the European Union – Trust in E-volution. European Vortal Academy, Lisbon; 2011.
Kannan S. Challenges in E-procurement adoption in Europe. Journal of Public Procurement. 2014;1(1):9–50.
Kidd A. The definition of procurement. Chartered institute of purchasing supply: Australia Pty Ltd; 2013.
(Accessed on October, 2019)
Available:www.cipsa.com.au
Khalil CA, Waly AF. Challenges and obstacles facing tenderers adopting E-tendering in the public sector of the construction industry in Egypt. In proceedings of the 5th Inter. 11th Construction Specialty Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 2015;8–10.
Kaliannan M, Awang H, Raman M. Electronic procurement: A case study of Malaysia’s e-procurement initiative. International Journal of Electronic Governance. 2009;2(2–3):103–117.
Costa A. Evidence of the impacts of public e-procurement: The Portuguese experience. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management. 2013;194:238–246.
Nimbadia PS. E-procurement in the Indian government; 2013.
(Accessed on August, 2019)
Obat KG. Critical success factors in the implementation of E-procurement in public entities in Kisumu County, Kenya. School of Business, University of Nairobi; 2016.
Albano GL, DaeI K. Special Issue Inter. Public Procurement: Introduction. J. Public Proc. 2010; 10.
Frimpong S. Ghana begins electronic procurement system, Ghana Business News, Daily Graphic; 2014.
Available:https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com
Ibem EO, Aduwo EB, Tunji-Olayeni P, Ayo-Vaughan EA, Uwakonye UO. Factors influencing e-Procurement adoption in the Nigerian building industry. Constr. Econ. Bldg. 2016;16:54–67.
Hosseini R. Appraising of critical success factors for customer relationship management in Islamic Republic of Iran. Ph.D. Thesis, National Agrarian University of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia; 2012.
Aduwo EB, Ibem EO, Uwakonye O, Tunji-Olayeni P, Ayo-Vuaghan EK. Barriers to the uptake of e-Procurement in the Nigerian building industry. J. Theory. Appl. Inf. Technol. 2016;89:133–147.
Al-Moala A, Li D. Organizational issues with electronic government procurement: A case of the UAE. Electron. J. Inf. Syst. Dev. Countries. 2010;41:1–18.
Owusu DF. The readiness of public procurement entities in Ghana for E-procurement: perspective of procurement practitioners in the road sector in Ghana. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology; 2014.
Daud NM, Mohammad N, Azmi AE, Mohamed IS. Factors influencing the usage of e-procurement among contractor companies in Malaysia. Bus.Manag. Q. Rev. 2013;4:62–80.
Pate lP, Satrndraku D, Khajuria R. A study to identify factors that affect e-Procurement implementation. Int. J. Sci. Technol. Eng. 2016;2:264–268.
Bondzi T. Benefit of E-procurement. E-procurement Bulletin. 2010;1(4):6.
Korir S, Afande FO, Maina P. Constraints to effective implementation of E procurement in the public sector: A survey of selected Government Ministries in Kenya. Journal of Information Engineering and Application. 2015;5(4).
Hashim N, Said I, Idris NH. Exploring e-procurement value for construction companies in Malaysia. Procedia Technology. 2013;9:836-845.
Eadie R, Perera S, Heaney G. Analysis of the use of e-procurement in the public and private sectors of the UK construction industry, ITcon, Special issue Innovation in Construction e-Business.
Available:https://www.itcon.org/2011/39
Isikdag U, Underwood J, Ezcan V, Arslan S. Barriers to e-procurement in Turkish AEC industry. In proceedings of the CIBW78-W102: International Conference, Sophia Antipolis, France; 2011.
Lavelle D, Bardon A. E-tendering in construction: Time for a change. Built Environment Research Papers. 2009;2(2):104-112.
Oyediran OS, Akintola AA. A survey of the state of the art of E-tendering in Nigeria. Journal of Information Technology in Construction. 2011;16:557-576.
Laryea S, Ibem EO. Patterns of technological innovation in the use of e procurementin construction. J. Inf. Technol. Constr. 2014;19:104–125.
Smart A. The role of e-Procurement in purchasing management. Cranfield University; 2010.
Siita A. Assessing the potential of electronic procurement in the public sector: The case of Accra Metropolis. Masters Dissertation, Department of Building Technology, College of Architecture and Planning, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi; 2014.
Chomchaiya S. Consolidated performance measurement framework for government e-procurement focusing on internal stakeholders; 2014.
(Accessed on 20th November, 2019)
Available:https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/emerald-publishing
Mohammadi MR. Ranking of critical success factors of electronic procurement in Iranian automotive industry. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences. 2013;4 (12):3910-3918.
Quinnox S. E - procurement the future of supply chain. Tech Republic.
(Retrieved on April 2, 2012)
Vaidya K, Sajeev ASM, Callender G. Critical factors that influence e-procurement adoption success in the public sector. Journal of Public Procurement. 2010;6(1 & 3):70-99.
Mose JM, Njihia JM, Magutu PO. The critical success factors and challenges in E-Procurement Adoption among large scale manufacturing firms in Nairobi, Kenya. Doctoral thesis, Department of Management Science, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; 2013.
Oketch DAN, Moronge M. Determinants of e-procurement implementation in Kenyan state corporations within the ministry of finance dan oketch. Dr. Makorimoronge. 2016;3(8):144–161.
Greunen DV, Herselman ME, Niekerk JV. Adoption of regulation-based e-procurement in the Eastern Cape provincial administration. African Journal of Business Management. 2010;4(17); 3655- 3665.
Kanyambo M. Challenges affecting the implementation of e-procurement in the Malawi Public Sector: The case of Malawi housing corporation, Lilongwe City Council, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Immigration Department and Malawi Defence Force (Doctoral dissertation, University of Bolton); 2017.
Hawking P, Stein A, Wyld D, Foster S. E-procurement: is the ugly duckling actually a swan down under?’, Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics. 2004;1(1):3– 27.
Deraman SR. Implementing E-purchasing in construction organizations: An exploratory study to identify Organizational Critical Success Factors. International Journal of Business and Management Studies. 2015;4(1).
Uddin M. Prospects and challenges of e-procurement in government purchases: a study on e-procurement in LGED, Narayanganj District, Doctoral dissertation, BRAC University; 2015.
Nawi MNS, Roslan S, Salleh NA, Zulhumadi F, Harun AN. The benefits and challenges of E-procurement implementation: A case study of Malaysian Company, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues. 2016; 6(S7):329-332.
Panda P, Sahu GP. E-procurement implementation: Critical analysis of success factors’ Impact on project outcome. Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India; 2012.
Carayannis EG, Popescu D. Profiling a methodology for economic growth and convergence: Learning from the EU E-procurement experience for Central and Eastern European Countries. Technovation. 2005;25(1):1-14.
Davila A, Gupta M, Palmer D. Moving procurement systems to the internet: The adoption and the use of E-procurement technology model. European Management Journal. 2003;1:11-23.
Chan C, Swatman PM. Business-to-business E-commerce implementation: The case of BPH Steel. Ecommerce Research Forum. MIT, Working Paper; 1999.
Silverthorne C. The impact of the organizational culture and person organization fit on organizational commitment and job satisfaction in Taiwan. The Leadership and Organization Development Journal. 2004;25(7):592-599.
Kroll T, Neri M. Designs for mixed methods research: Mixed methods research for nursing and the health sciences; 2009.
Kotrlik JW, Higgins CC. Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research appropriate sample size in survey research. Information Technology, Learning and Performance Journal. 2001;19(1):43.
Pallant J. Survival manual. A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS; 2011.
Glaser B, Strauss A. The discovery of grounded theory. Weidenfield& Nicolson, London. 1967; 1-9.
Gorsuch RL, Venable GD. Development of an" age universal" IE scale. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1983;181-7.
Afolabi A, Ibem E, Aduwo E, Tunji-Olayeni P, Oluwunmi O. Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for e-procurement adoption in the Nigerian construction industry. Buildings. 2019;9(2):47.
Rogers EM. Diffusion of Innovations. New York: Free Press; 2003.
Schaper L, Pervan G. ICT and OTs: A model of information and communication technology acceptance and Utilisation Byoccupational Therapists. Int J Med Inform. 2007;76(Suppl 1):S212-S221.
Lund-Thomsen P, Costa N. Sustainable Procurement in the United Nations. Greenleaf Publishing: United Kingdom. 2011;55-71.
Hastings K, Howieson J, Lawley M. Creating value chains: The role of relationship development. British Food Journal. 2016;118(6):1384–1406.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-10-2015-0389
Hardy CA, Williams SP. E-government policy and practice: A theoretical and empirical exploration of public e-procurement. Government Information Quarterly. 2008;25(2):155-180.
DOI: 10.1016/j.giq.2007.02.003
Mawenya AS. Preventing corruption in African procurement. Occasional paper, Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA); 2008.
Ochrana F, Pavel J. Analysis of the impact of transparency, corruption, openness in competition and tender procedures on public procurement in the Czech Republic. Central European Journal of Public Policy. 2013;7(2):114-135.
Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS) Report. Ghana Statistical Service; 2019.
Ofori D, Appiah-Nimo C. Determinants of online shopping among tertiary students in Ghana: An extended technology acceptance model, Cogent Business & Management; 2019, 6:1.
DOI: 10.1080/23311975.2019.1644715
Panda P, Sahu G, Gupta P. Promoting transparency and efficiency in public procurement: E-procurement initiatives by Government of India. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on E-procurement (ICEG). IIM Banglore, India; 2010.
Valadares T. E-procurement in Europe, 2nd European conference on e-Public procurement (4th ed.). Lisbon; 2014.
Public Procurement Authority (PPA). Annual Report. Government of Ghana: Accra; 2014
Shakya RK. Procurement governance framework: Success to E-government procurement (E-GP) system implementation. In 5th International Public Procurement Conference (IPPC5), Seattle, United States. 2012;17-19.
Suvil C. The 11th International Conference on Electronic Business, Performance Measurement of Government E-Procurement with Internal Stakeholder Focus. Bangkok; 2014.
Adebayo VO, Evans RD. Adoption of E-procurement systems in developing countries: A Nigerian public sector perspective. The proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Knowledge-Based Engineering and Innovation Tehran, Iran; 2015.
Lee Y, Kozar KA, Larsen KRT. The technology acceptance model; past, present and future. Communication of AIS. 2003;12(50):752-780.
Boateng R. The challenge of taking baby steps in E-governance in West Africa. In: Proceedings of the UGBS Conference on Business and Development. Accra, Ghana: University of Ghana Business School; 2013.
LaiPC. Design and Security impact on consumers’ intention to use single platform E-payment. Interdisciplinary Information Sciences. 2016;22(1):111-122.
LaiPC, Zainal AA. Perceived risk as an extension to TAM model: Consumers’ intention to use A single platform E-payment. Australia Journal Basic and Applied Science. 2015;9(2):323-330.
Venkatesh V, Davis FD. A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies. Management Science. 2000;46(2):186-204.
Clayton M. Christian. The Innovator’s Dilemma. Unite States: Harvard Business Review Press; 1997
Christensen CM. The ongoing process of building a theory of disruption. Journal of Product and Innovation Management. 2006;4(23):39- 55.
Markides C. Disruptive innovation; In need of better theory. The Journal of Product Innovation Management. 2006;23:19-25.
Tavares LV. Public e-tendering in the European Union – Trust in E-volution. European Vortal Academy, Lisbon; 2011.
Kannan S. Challenges in E-procurement adoption in Europe. Journal of Public Procurement. 2014;1(1):9–50.
Kidd A. The definition of procurement. Chartered institute of purchasing supply: Australia Pty Ltd; 2013.
(Accessed on October, 2019)
Available:www.cipsa.com.au
Khalil CA, Waly AF. Challenges and obstacles facing tenderers adopting E-tendering in the public sector of the construction industry in Egypt. In proceedings of the 5th Inter. 11th Construction Specialty Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 2015;8–10.
Kaliannan M, Awang H, Raman M. Electronic procurement: A case study of Malaysia’s e-procurement initiative. International Journal of Electronic Governance. 2009;2(2–3):103–117.
Costa A. Evidence of the impacts of public e-procurement: The Portuguese experience. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management. 2013;194:238–246.
Nimbadia PS. E-procurement in the Indian government; 2013.
(Accessed on August, 2019)
Obat KG. Critical success factors in the implementation of E-procurement in public entities in Kisumu County, Kenya. School of Business, University of Nairobi; 2016.
Albano GL, DaeI K. Special Issue Inter. Public Procurement: Introduction. J. Public Proc. 2010; 10.
Frimpong S. Ghana begins electronic procurement system, Ghana Business News, Daily Graphic; 2014.
Available:https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com
Ibem EO, Aduwo EB, Tunji-Olayeni P, Ayo-Vaughan EA, Uwakonye UO. Factors influencing e-Procurement adoption in the Nigerian building industry. Constr. Econ. Bldg. 2016;16:54–67.
Hosseini R. Appraising of critical success factors for customer relationship management in Islamic Republic of Iran. Ph.D. Thesis, National Agrarian University of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia; 2012.
Aduwo EB, Ibem EO, Uwakonye O, Tunji-Olayeni P, Ayo-Vuaghan EK. Barriers to the uptake of e-Procurement in the Nigerian building industry. J. Theory. Appl. Inf. Technol. 2016;89:133–147.
Al-Moala A, Li D. Organizational issues with electronic government procurement: A case of the UAE. Electron. J. Inf. Syst. Dev. Countries. 2010;41:1–18.
Owusu DF. The readiness of public procurement entities in Ghana for E-procurement: perspective of procurement practitioners in the road sector in Ghana. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology; 2014.
Daud NM, Mohammad N, Azmi AE, Mohamed IS. Factors influencing the usage of e-procurement among contractor companies in Malaysia. Bus.Manag. Q. Rev. 2013;4:62–80.
Pate lP, Satrndraku D, Khajuria R. A study to identify factors that affect e-Procurement implementation. Int. J. Sci. Technol. Eng. 2016;2:264–268.
Bondzi T. Benefit of E-procurement. E-procurement Bulletin. 2010;1(4):6.
Korir S, Afande FO, Maina P. Constraints to effective implementation of E procurement in the public sector: A survey of selected Government Ministries in Kenya. Journal of Information Engineering and Application. 2015;5(4).
Hashim N, Said I, Idris NH. Exploring e-procurement value for construction companies in Malaysia. Procedia Technology. 2013;9:836-845.
Eadie R, Perera S, Heaney G. Analysis of the use of e-procurement in the public and private sectors of the UK construction industry, ITcon, Special issue Innovation in Construction e-Business.
Available:https://www.itcon.org/2011/39
Isikdag U, Underwood J, Ezcan V, Arslan S. Barriers to e-procurement in Turkish AEC industry. In proceedings of the CIBW78-W102: International Conference, Sophia Antipolis, France; 2011.
Lavelle D, Bardon A. E-tendering in construction: Time for a change. Built Environment Research Papers. 2009;2(2):104-112.
Oyediran OS, Akintola AA. A survey of the state of the art of E-tendering in Nigeria. Journal of Information Technology in Construction. 2011;16:557-576.
Laryea S, Ibem EO. Patterns of technological innovation in the use of e procurementin construction. J. Inf. Technol. Constr. 2014;19:104–125.
Smart A. The role of e-Procurement in purchasing management. Cranfield University; 2010.
Siita A. Assessing the potential of electronic procurement in the public sector: The case of Accra Metropolis. Masters Dissertation, Department of Building Technology, College of Architecture and Planning, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi; 2014.
Chomchaiya S. Consolidated performance measurement framework for government e-procurement focusing on internal stakeholders; 2014.
(Accessed on 20th November, 2019)
Available:https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/emerald-publishing
Mohammadi MR. Ranking of critical success factors of electronic procurement in Iranian automotive industry. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences. 2013;4 (12):3910-3918.
Quinnox S. E - procurement the future of supply chain. Tech Republic.
(Retrieved on April 2, 2012)
Vaidya K, Sajeev ASM, Callender G. Critical factors that influence e-procurement adoption success in the public sector. Journal of Public Procurement. 2010;6(1 & 3):70-99.
Mose JM, Njihia JM, Magutu PO. The critical success factors and challenges in E-Procurement Adoption among large scale manufacturing firms in Nairobi, Kenya. Doctoral thesis, Department of Management Science, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; 2013.
Oketch DAN, Moronge M. Determinants of e-procurement implementation in Kenyan state corporations within the ministry of finance dan oketch. Dr. Makorimoronge. 2016;3(8):144–161.
Greunen DV, Herselman ME, Niekerk JV. Adoption of regulation-based e-procurement in the Eastern Cape provincial administration. African Journal of Business Management. 2010;4(17); 3655- 3665.
Kanyambo M. Challenges affecting the implementation of e-procurement in the Malawi Public Sector: The case of Malawi housing corporation, Lilongwe City Council, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Immigration Department and Malawi Defence Force (Doctoral dissertation, University of Bolton); 2017.
Hawking P, Stein A, Wyld D, Foster S. E-procurement: is the ugly duckling actually a swan down under?’, Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics. 2004;1(1):3– 27.
Deraman SR. Implementing E-purchasing in construction organizations: An exploratory study to identify Organizational Critical Success Factors. International Journal of Business and Management Studies. 2015;4(1).
Uddin M. Prospects and challenges of e-procurement in government purchases: a study on e-procurement in LGED, Narayanganj District, Doctoral dissertation, BRAC University; 2015.
Nawi MNS, Roslan S, Salleh NA, Zulhumadi F, Harun AN. The benefits and challenges of E-procurement implementation: A case study of Malaysian Company, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues. 2016; 6(S7):329-332.
Panda P, Sahu GP. E-procurement implementation: Critical analysis of success factors’ Impact on project outcome. Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India; 2012.
Carayannis EG, Popescu D. Profiling a methodology for economic growth and convergence: Learning from the EU E-procurement experience for Central and Eastern European Countries. Technovation. 2005;25(1):1-14.
Davila A, Gupta M, Palmer D. Moving procurement systems to the internet: The adoption and the use of E-procurement technology model. European Management Journal. 2003;1:11-23.
Chan C, Swatman PM. Business-to-business E-commerce implementation: The case of BPH Steel. Ecommerce Research Forum. MIT, Working Paper; 1999.
Silverthorne C. The impact of the organizational culture and person organization fit on organizational commitment and job satisfaction in Taiwan. The Leadership and Organization Development Journal. 2004;25(7):592-599.
Kroll T, Neri M. Designs for mixed methods research: Mixed methods research for nursing and the health sciences; 2009.
Kotrlik JW, Higgins CC. Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research appropriate sample size in survey research. Information Technology, Learning and Performance Journal. 2001;19(1):43.
Pallant J. Survival manual. A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS; 2011.
Glaser B, Strauss A. The discovery of grounded theory. Weidenfield& Nicolson, London. 1967; 1-9.
Gorsuch RL, Venable GD. Development of an" age universal" IE scale. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1983;181-7.
Afolabi A, Ibem E, Aduwo E, Tunji-Olayeni P, Oluwunmi O. Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for e-procurement adoption in the Nigerian construction industry. Buildings. 2019;9(2):47.
Rogers EM. Diffusion of Innovations. New York: Free Press; 2003.
Schaper L, Pervan G. ICT and OTs: A model of information and communication technology acceptance and Utilisation Byoccupational Therapists. Int J Med Inform. 2007;76(Suppl 1):S212-S221.
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